[阅读理解] 猜词题：词意推断与代词指代

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词意推断

1. 题干特征：题干中有underline 或 “ __________ ”

2. 方法：

1）通过选项中词汇的词性判断划线单词的词性（目的是确定与这个词相关的成分）

示例：

划线词为形容词：找到这个形容词所修饰的名词，通过前后文判断这个名词应该有什么样的特点；注意这个形容词是否有副词修饰等。

划线词为动词：找到动作的发出者和承受者，判断选项中主谓或动宾结构搭配的合理性；判断该动词是否有其他状语成分修饰等。

划线词为名词：判断这个名词所作的成分，是否发出了动作或承受了动作，是否有形容词进行修饰等。

2）观察原文该词附近是否有连接词（说明前后的逻辑关系）、破折号或同位语结构（解释说明的作用）

其他提示：

副词 also; as well; too; either; neither … that is to say; to put it another way; or rather; …

3）如果划线部分是一个句子，那么该句前或后通常有一个句子与它的意义几乎一样或有强烈的逻辑关系

注意事项：如果选项中某个句子与画线句的表层含义几乎一样，通常这个选项错误。

代词指代

1. 通过代词本身判断它所指代的名词单复数

注意事项：one 比较特殊，它可以指代前文复数内容的其中一个

2. 回到原文判断这个代词指代的是人还是物还是事

3. 通常从划线代词位置向前找离它最近的符合上述要求的名词、短语或句子

注意事项：当所有选项都出现在代词附近时，注意句子成分之间的逻辑关系

4. 个别情况下（尤其是it作形式主语或形式宾语的情况）可能需要向后找

5. 找到后把这个名词代入代词所在的位置，根据句意进行进一步判断

典型例题1

For example, a bird called the bar-tailed godwit migrates from its breeding grounds in the Arctic. It flies all the way to Australia and New Zealand. The problem, according to investigators, is that many of these small birds die along their migration because they don’t have a safe place to eat and rest. There is no place to restore their energy for the next part of their journey. “They simply perish along the way,” says one of the scientists.

题：Which of he following is closet in meaning to the underlined word “perish” in the paragraph?

A. Continue B. Die C. Settle D. Migrate

【答案】B

【解析】首先通过选项可以判断划线单词为动词，回到原文发现该动词有 along the way 这个状语成分修饰，因此我们在前文找到相同的地点状语修饰 … many of these small birds die along their migration 可知这种鸟类会在迁徙途中因为没有吃东西和休息的地方会导致死亡。故选B。

典型例题2

The cleaner wrasse (濑鱼) lives on coral reefs and provides a service by biting parasites (寄生虫) off the scales of bigger fish gently —— a delicate relationship that may require insights into the minds of its clients. Such “theory of mind” has long been seen as another cornerstone of human mental superiority. The possibility that fish possess it is not, however, the only threat to our human exceptionalism (例外主义). It may not be long before computers give us a run for our money, too.

题：The underlined part in this paragraph probably means ________.

A. bring us huge profits

B. cost us a lot of money

C. have great control over us

D. challenge human exceptionalism

【答案】D

【解析】由划线句后的too 可知，前文有与划线短语内容相近的事例，根据本段倒数第二句中的 … is not the only threat to our human exceptionalism 可知鱼类拥有自我意识的可能性威胁了人类例外主义理论。故选D。

典型例题3

In life, once on a path, we tend to follow it, for better or worse. What’s sad is that even id it’s the latter, we often accept it anyway because we are so used to the way things are that we don’t even recognize that they could be different. This is a phenomenon psychologists call functional fixedness.

This classic experiment will give you an idea of how it works and a sense of whether you may have fallen into the same trap: People are given a box of tacks (大头钉) and some matches and asked to find a way to attach a candle to a wall so that it burns properly.

题：What does the underlined word “it” in paragraph 2 refer to?

A. The experiment

B. Functional fixedness

C. The path

D. The thinking

【答案】B

【解析】根据上下文 This classic experiment will give you an idea of how it works … (这个经典的实验能够告诉你它是怎样起作用的) 可知 it 应指代前文内容，即第一段最后提到的 functional fixedness 现象。故选 B。

典型例题4

With the right amount of CNFs mixed in, the dessert lasted longer in its frozen state than the traditional ice cream, extending the amount of time the treat can be enjoyed. What was even more exciting was that the fiber increased the stickiness of the low-fat ice cream to levels higher than the full-fat one. Since this is what determines the frozen treat’s creaminess and taste, CNFs could help create the healthier ice cream without influencing the taste of it.

题：What does the underlined word “it” in this paragraph?

A. The ice cream

B. The fiber

C. The fat

D. The stickiness

【答案】A

【解析】根据划线代词所在句可知，CNFs 可以在不影响冰淇淋的口感同时让它更加健康。故选 A。

练习题

1. I got to know you as I volunteered in the lunch room. You made sure your students were all ready for lunch before you went on your own lunch break. You kept track of their big things and small things, because as a veteran kindergarten teacher, you made each student feel special. You helped them fall in love with school, which is so important at the start.

题：What does the underlined word “veteran” in this paragraph mean?

A. Beautiful B. Generous C. Skillful D. Humorous

2. One area where sharing would speed up the development of a safety standard is “edge cases”— rare events that tax the capabilities（能力）of autonomous systems, such as unexpected behavior by other drivers, plastic bags blowing in front of a vehicle and so on. Because such events occur occasionally, and computers lack common sense to decide how to respond, training AVs to handle edge cases is hard. But by sharing with each other data from edge cases that have actually happened, AV firms can test their systems in simulator（模拟装置）to see how they would respond, and adjust them where needed, benefiting from each other’s experience.

题：What do “edge cases” in this paragraph refer to?

A. Vital（重要的）situations B. Common situations

C.Infrequent situations D. Emergency situations

3. Stuck in a lift? These holes can help you. Yes, that tiny hole you see on the lift door. It might just save your life. Say the lift you are in stops at a floor and the doors don’t open. It could be a power failure or an equipment conk-out. But getting out isn’t easy. Lifts are equipped with lots of features to prevent the doors from opening freely or when they are between floors.

题：What does the underlined word “conk-out” in this paragraph mean?

A. Upgrade B. Repair C. Breakdown D. Check

4. Since the 1980s, however, people have achieved some of these observable milestones at later ages. Increased access to education has delayed young people leaving home and developing romantic relationships. Economic changes have also resulted in unstable employment markets and increases in cost of living, prompting many young people to remain at home and dependent on parents.

题：What does the underlined word probably mean?

A. Encouraging B. Advising C. Forbidding D. Persuading

5. Besides, language learning apps also create an environment where mistakes are only known to the users, and this can address the performance anxiety that many learners suffer from when asked to speak a foreign language. So language teachers should encourage their students to use them to do the grammar work, leaving precious class time for more language communication.

题：Which of the following can probably replace the underlined word “address”?

A. Deal with B. Write down C. Turn to D. Speak of

6. A key feature of social media, however, is its volatility. Trends come and go, disappearing almost as quickly as they appeared. So, what were the key social media trends of 2018?

题：The underlined word “volatility” possibly means “being _______”.

A. Changeable B. Steady C. Promising D. Violent

7. Despite the negative international headlines that have hit Huawei over the past few months, its customer business continues to thrive. The Chinese technology giant replaced Apple as the second largest smartphone player by global market share last year. It’s firmly the biggest vendor（销售商） in China.

题：What does the underlined word “thrive” probably mean?

A. Reduce B. Remain C. Threaten D. Increase

8. The cleanup system also comes with lights powered by the sun, cameras, and other special devices（设备）, so the system can communicate its position at all times. That way a support ship can find it every few months to remove the plastic that has been collected.

题：Which does the underlined word “it” refer to?

A. The support ship B. The floating barriers

C. The plastic to be recycled D. The position of special devices

9. A few years ago, after I finished a report on a tight deadline, I continued to be just as busy. I entered my social media accounts when I should have been working. I checked new emails constantly. I felt guilty when I wasn’t busy, and I alleviated this guilt by filling my time with busy work.

题：Which of the following can best explain “alleviated” underlined in this paragraph?

A. Forgot B. Researched C. Deepened D. Eased

10. For the past two years I have been travelling and living abroad. Home has become more of a feeling than a place. I feel at home when I am with my family in London, but I also feel at home in Italy with my friends I love. Home is no longer a picture of a house with a front door and some windows. It is more complicated than that.

题：What does the underlined word “It” refer to?

A. Family B. Living abroad C. Home D. Staying with friends

11. Oyserman and Lewis decided to try to find a way to make “Present Me” imagine exactly how “Feature Me” would feel the night before a big paper was due, though “Present Me” hadn’t started yet. They made “Present Me” think about a far-off event a number of days away, not months or years.

Thinking about events in this way meant that something like a friend’s wedding seemed 16.3 days sooner when considered in days rather than months and 11.4 months sooner when considered in months rather than years.

题：The underlined part “this way” refers to ( ).

A. Setting up tough deadlines

B. Following schedules strictly

C. Counting in smaller units of time

D. Imagining how your future self will be

12. “Now that we have recorded and documented Inuit knowledge of snow geese,” says Ron, “when facing the crisis other people will be able to use the information to help manage the species, which is fundamental to dealing with it effectively.”

题：What does the underlined word “it” refer to?

A. The species B. Inuit knowledge

C. The crisis D. Inuit research

13. Nicole Smith, an economist, notes that with the rise of artificial intelligence, companies producing these intelligent machines need help teaching them how to think more like and interact with human beings. They need help selling products and solving problems, which are skills that come from a liberal arts education.

题：What does the underlined word “them” refer to?

A. Machines B. Graduates C. Companies D. Skills

14. But humans put more and more CO2 into the atmosphere every year. If current trends continue, the Earth could reach 1,200 ppm within 100 to 150 years. This could happen if our society doesn’t follow through on any of its commitments to reduce emissions（排放物）, Wolchover reported. And even if it does, the result would be another 8 degrees Celsius of heat added to the global an average, on top of the dangerous changes already underway due to greenhouse gases.

题：What does “it” refer to in this paragraph?

A. The atmosphere B. The earth C. Our society D. The result

15. We are all humans. And we all just want a chance: a chance at life, a chance in education, a chance at a future, really. And at CLF, our mission is to impact as many lives as possible, but it starts with just one.

题：What does the underlined word “one” refer to?

A. A chance B. A life C. A task D. An organization

16. A recent Miss Earth pageant had two Venezuelan models who competed for other countries, including Jessica Russo. Russo represented Peru just one year after moving to the country. She said, “My dream of being a beauty queen is not going to stop just because I arrived in a new country.” The 22-year-old competitor did not make it into the Miss Earth finals. But she is not giving up. She says she hopes to one day win a competition for Peru, the country where her mother was born.

题：What does the underlined word “it” mean in this paragraph?

A. Her dream of being a beauty queen

B. Not giving up

C. The place where her mother was born

D. Moving to a new country

17. Built by MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SCAIL), the snow-white remote-controlled robot closely emulates a real fish, complete with a flexible tail and two “fins”. Though it is not the first autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) created to observe the ocean, SoFi solves the many of the issue that have hindered (阻碍) the usefulness of previous robots.

题：Which of the following can replace the underlined word “emulates” in this paragraph?

A. Feed B. Catches C. Protects D. Imitate

18. Previous scholarship (学术研究) has dealt mostly with exercise in nature: A 2015 study out of the University Michigan found 90-minute group nature walks were effective at combating depression and relieving other mood disorders. But for people who struggle with accessibility or don’t have time for a 90-minute walk, this new study suggests just looking out a window at a tree can help fight off a bad habit.

题：What does the underlined word “combating” in this paragraph probably mean?

A. Reducing B. Developing

C. Understanding D. Encouraging

19. MarinaTex is edible. To put it another way, it can be tased without danger. Hughes says it is also strong and stable. But unlike plastic, MarinaTex biodegrades (生物降解) in four to six weeks under normal conditions and does not pollute the soil. The inventor said she is concerned about a growing amount of plastic in ocean waters. She noted one report that there would be more plastic than fish in the world’s ocean by the year 2050. The United Nations estimates that 100 million ton of plastic waste has already been left in the ocean. Hughes also was investigating ways to reduce the amount of waste from fishing industry. The industry is estimated to produce 50 million tons of waste worldwide each year, U.N. officials say.

题：What does the underlined word “edible” in this paragraph mean?

A. Useful B. Eatable

C. Replaceable D. Delicious

20. Making the skies electric isn’t just good for the environment, it also makes sound financial sense: a small aircraft uses $ 400 on conventional fuel for a 100-mile flight, while an electric one costs $ 8-12 for the same distance, and that’s before you factor in the higher maintenance costs of a traditional engine. There’s also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally peace and quiet.

题：The expression “added bonus” refers to the fact that electric planes ( ).

A. Give passengers more pleasant views.

B. Bring airlines more financial benefits

C. Offer more enjoyable flying experience

D. Cost less in maintenance than traditional ones