阅读理解细节类考点的“难题”有何特点？---以2023年新高考英语全国卷为例
上篇文章中，笔者通过对2023年高考英语全国I卷的分析，发现细节题的设题上有所创新，考点出处不集中某一句话的题目数量增加。有4个题都需要通过文章多处细节进行推理提炼得出答案，如果只关注某句，则很难得出正确答案。比如，24题推测John的性格特点，25题推测John添加污泥的原因，26题作者提到福州项目的目的，30题作者在书籍最后一章呈现的内容，这些题的答案都没有在文章中某句话中明确指出，都需要结合多处细节题进行推理和提炼。这大大增加了试题的难度和区分度。那么，2023年全国卷4套题里，类似的题多吗？分别考查了什么细节呢？研究一下，对我们的命题非常有帮助，可以让我们及时调整命题的方向。
通过对4套题的研究，有了如下发现：
分布情况
从上表可知，需要结合多处细节题进行推理和提炼答案的题目数量不少，分别为3到6题，在ABCD这4篇阅读中都各有分布。每套题里至少有2篇文章中会出现该种考法。
2. 考查细节
2.1 比较信息
A篇一般为应用文，在设题的时候会进行信息对比，比如时间先后，相同点和不同点等。比如：
21. Which of the four programs begins the earliest? (2023 QGII-A)
21. What did Jacqueline and James have in common? (2023 乙-A)
22. How was Tan Yuanxian different from the other practitioners? (2023 乙-A)
2.2 举例目的
每套题的BCD阅读中，都会有一个举例目的题，考查学生对所举例子在文章中作用的了解。考生基于所举例子，根据上下文推测出举例的目的。比如：
26. What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?(2023 QGI-B)
答案： B.To show an application of John’s idea.
原文： Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
34. What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5? (2023 QGII-D)
答案： C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
原文：Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
29. Why does the author list great philosophers in paragraph 4? (2023 甲-C)
答案：D. To help readers understand Weiner’s book.
原文：Weiner starts each chapter with a scene on a train ride between cities and then frames each philosopher’s work in the context of one thing they can help us do better. The end result is a read in which we learn to wonder like Socrates, see like Thoreau, listen like Schopenhauer, and have no regrets like Nietzsche. This, more than a book about understanding philosophy, is a book about learning to use philosophy to improve a life.
33. What does the author indicate by mentioning Captain Cook in paragraph 2? (2023 乙-D)
答案：D. His record was one-sided.
原文：Ideally a history would bring together texts and objects, and some chapters of this book are able to do just that, but in many cases we simply can’t. The clearest example of this between literate and non-literate history is perhaps the first conflict, at Botany Bay, between Captain Cook’s voyage and the Australian Aboriginals. From the English side, we have scientific reports and the captain’s record of that terrible day. From the Australian side, we have only a wooden shield dropped by a man in flight after his first experience of gunshot. If we want to reconstruct what was actually going on that day, the shield must be questioned and interpreted as deeply and strictly as the written reports.
2.3 行为原因
每套题的BCD阅读中，也都会有一个人物行为原因分析的题目。常见的题干以疑问词Why提问，也有其它提问方式，但是本质上是考查行为背后的原因。比如：
25. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks? (2023 QGI-B)
答案：D.To test the eco-machine.
原文：... He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge. First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. ...
33. Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories?
(2023 QGII-D)
答案：D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
原文：The researchers then examined these submissions, coding experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of “We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while” was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
35. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? (2023 甲-D)
答案：B. People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
原文：Obviously, if precautions aren’t taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. “Our hope isto have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,” says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
25. What is the key to successful landscape photography according to the author? (2023 乙-B)
答案：A. Proper time management.
原文：Beingat the right place at the right time is decisive in any style of photography. I often leave early to seek the right destinations so I can set up early to avoid missing the moment I am attempting to photograph. I have missed plenty of beautiful sunsets/sunrises due to being on the spot only five minutes before the best moment.
2.4 人物评价
几乎每套题也都出现了对人或物进行评价的题目，涉及到人物性格特点，事物的影响力，书籍的特点等。比如：
24. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs? (2023 QGI-B)
答案：C. He had an inquiring mind.
原文：When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
26. Which of the following best describes the impact of the program? (2023 QGII-B)
答案：A. Far-reaching.
原文：Program evaluations show that kids eat more vegetables as a result of the classes. “We have students who say they went home and talked to their parents and now they’re eating differently,” Jaramillo says.
She adds that the program’s benefits go beyond nutrition. Some students get so interested ingardening that they bring home seeds to start their own vegetable gardens. Besides, working in the garden seems to have a calming effect on Jaramillo’s special education students, many of whom have emotional control issues. “They get outside,” she says, “and they feel successful.”
31. What does the author think of Weiner’s book? (2023 甲-C)
答案：D. Humorous and straightforward.
原文：He makes philosophical thought an appealing exercise that improves the quality of our experiences, and he does so with plenty of humor. ...
The Socrates Express is a fun, sharp book that draws readers in with its apparent simplicity and gradually pulls them in deeper thoughts on desire, loneliness, and aging. The invitation is clear: ...
2.5 事物内容
有2套题里也涉及到对事物内容的概括，比如书籍内容，作品内容，社会现象等。考生需要通过上下文多处线索进行归纳概括。比如：
30. What is presented in the final chapter of part one? (2023 QGI-C)
答案：C.Practical examples.
原文：In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.
29. What are the selected artworks about? (2023 QGII-C)
答案：C. Books and reading.
原文：In this “book of books,” artworks are selected and arranged in a way that emphasizes these connections between different eras and cultures. We see scenes of children learning to read at home or at school, with the book as a focus for relations between the generations. Adults are portrayed alone in many settings and poses — absorbed in a volume, deep in thought or lost in a moment of leisure. These scenes may have been painted hundreds of years ago, but they record moments we can all relate to.
32.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text? (2023 QGII-D)
答案：B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
原文：As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
3. 研究启示
从上述分析可知，2023年高考英语阅读理解细节题中，需要结合多处细节题进行推理和提炼答案的题目数量不少，分别为3到6题，在ABCD这4篇阅读中都各有分布。每套题里至少有2篇文章中会出现该种考法。
这种全局性而非局部性答案出处的题目，对学生的理解形成了巨大的挑战，对学生的能力提出了更高的要求。我们在日常命题的过程中，可以借鉴高考命题专家的出题方法，从比较信息，举例目的，行为原因，人物评价和事物内容这5个方面设题，考查学生推理和概括提炼的能力，从而提升试题的仿真度。