英语 |高考完形填空选材分析及解题技巧探究
张洁，江苏省天一中学英语学科中心主任，中学高级，无锡市教学能手，曾获江苏省“杏坛杯”青年教师展评课特等奖，无锡市高中英语评优课一等奖，锡山区最美教师，发表20余篇论文和教学案例于《中小学英语教学与研究》、《高中英语新课标案例解读》、《江苏教育》、《教学考试》、《语数外学习》、《新教育》、《无锡教育研究》、《江南晚报》、《英语周报教师版》等。
王书珊，文学硕士，中学英语一级教师，曾获无锡市锡山区“启航杯”教学一等奖，在江苏省天一中学“全国聚焦课堂*生长课堂”上研讨课，4篇论文在省市级获奖。
《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》（以下简称《课标》）指出：“英语课程内容是发展学生英语学科核心素养的基础，包含六个要素：主题语境、语篇类型、语言知识、文化知识、语言技能和学习策略。主题语境涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然，涉及人文社会科学和自然科学领域等内容，为学科育人提供话题和语境。”在主题语境中，人与自我排在首位，因为人首先要在认识自我、丰富自我、提升和完善自我的基础上，才能帮助我们更好地处理人际关系，才能够更好地理解别人，更好地与别人相处，更好地与大自然和谐相处。
笔者对2023年新高考卷和2020新课标实施以来的新高考卷进行了研究，发现试题在选材的主题语境方面涵盖人与自我、人与社会和人与自然三大主题，但人与自我主题语境中涉及的话题涵盖面还不够广。在竞争日益激烈的时代，学生们面临着巨大挑战和压力，了解自我、接受自我、关爱自我和珍爱生命、认识到生命的价值变得尤为重要。同时，新高考试卷中出现的新题型——读后续写和原有的完形填空的体裁方面有相似之处，大都为记叙文，且以故事传递道理为主。于是，笔者做了选材分析，集中为完形填空这一题型在主题语境和体裁方面做了缺失话题的补充和方法策略方面的指导。
选材分析
现结合《课标》，从主题语境的角度对2021—2023年间几次重要考试中出现的主要语篇进行主题语境分析。
通过表 1，我们发现新高考实行以来，试题语篇在主题语境内容选材上有以下特点：
完形填空是以语篇为载体，把语言基础知识、阅读理解与语言应用能力三者合为一体的综合题型。
新高考的读后续写题型要求学生在阅读一段350 字左右的记叙文后，根据所提供的段首句，完成两段共 150 字左右的续写。这种题型要求学生要基于所给情节的线索，展开合理想象，用生动形象的语言构造出与原文情节契合度较高的记叙文。
分析近年来的完形填空和读后续写考题，可得出以下结论与启发：
完形填空所体现出的“故事性”以及“教育性”给学生们造成不少困扰。学生们在做完形填空时，往往仅凭借感觉，缺少对情节走向的思考与判断，语篇意识不足，对语篇所传递的“理”和“情”把握不准，以上因素导致失分率高。
备考策略
完形填空考查学生综合运用语言的能力，要求学生具备：词汇辨析能力、语篇理解能力 、语法结构分析能力、逻辑推理能力、文化背景透析能力 、作者意图剖析能力 、生活常识综合运用能力等。
结合完形填空的特点，学生们应从解题步骤、考察角度和解题技巧三个维度全方面认识这一题型（见图 1）。学生们答题时应用缜密的思维排除干扰项，做出正确选择，而不再完全依赖感觉作答。
完形填空上下文紧密相扣，逻辑性强，学生们需要把握词与词、句与句、段与段的联系。笔者将结合上述三个维度，以高考真题为例具体说明如何攻破完形填空中的难题，提高解题能力。
结语
作为综合能力要求很高的完形填空题型，除了让学生熟悉常见记叙文的解题思路与方法，更要引导学生关注不同体裁和题材的完形填空练习，做题时遵循词不离句，句不离篇的原则，以整体语篇主题为引领，以单词、短语在语境（句内层面、句组层面、语篇层面）中的应用为抓手，培养学生利用关联词语、上下文语境、逻辑关系、背景常识来把握语篇主旨、分析作者观点态度和思辨能力。2023 高考已落下帷幕，要鼓励学生坚持阅读，拓宽阅读的广度，接触更多的语篇类型，丰富阅读体验，获得语言知识，发展语言技能，理解文化内涵，应用学习策略。在提升语言能力的同时，引导学生分析和审视事物和人物的真、善、美，学会分析问题、解决问题，形成正确的价值观。这不仅对完形填空题型，对阅读、写作等题型都将有促进作用，进而推动发展学生的语言能力、思维品质、文化意识和学习能力等英语学科核心素养，落实立德树人的根本任务。
小试牛刀
基于笔者上文的分析，对于完形填空部分体裁和主题语境覆盖面缺失的话题作相关补充，笔者精心挑选了两篇主题语境为认识自我、丰富自我、完善自我及生命的意义与价值，且体裁不再局限于记叙文的语篇，改编成完形填空题型，帮助学生利用恰当的解题技巧来体验不同体裁和题材的语篇，体悟关爱自我、珍爱生命的价值，树立健康的人生观和价值观。
原创完形填空练习一：
Understand yourselfIn all one’s lifetime it is oneself that one spends the most time being with or dealing with. But it is precisely oneself that one has the 1 understanding of.
When you are going upwards in life you 2 overestimate yourself. It seems that everything you seek for is within your reach; luck and opportunities will 3 your way and you are overjoyed that they 4 part of your worth. When you are going downhillyou tend to underestimate yourself, 5 difficulties and adversities for your own incompetence. It’s likely that you think it wise for yourself to know your place and stay aloof from worldly 6 a mask of cowardice, 7 which the flow of sap in your life will be retarded.
To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to gain a correct 8 of oneself and be a sober realist—aware of both one’s strength and shortage. You may look forward hopefully to the future but be sure not to 9 too much, for ideals can never be fully realized. You may be courageous to meet challenges but it should be clear to you 10 to direct your efforts.
That’s the way 11 you have a perfect knowledge of yourself, there won’t be difficulties you can’t overcome, nor obstacles you can’t surmount.
To get a thorough understanding of oneself needs self-appreciation. Whether you 12 yourself to a towering tree or a blade of grass, whether you think you are a high mountain or a small stone, you represent a state of nature 13 has its own raison deter. If you earnestly admire yourself you’ll have a real sense of self-appreciation, which will give you confidence. As soon as you gain full confidence in yourself you’ll be 14 to fight and overcome any adversity.
To get a thorough understanding of oneself is to get a full control of one’s life. Then one will find one’s life full of color and 15 .
1. A. best B. worst
C. least D. most
2. A. object to B. begin to
C. agree to D. tend to
3. A. come B. go
C. block D. get
4. A. constitute B. conclude
C. confirm D. consume
5. A. exchanging B. mistaking
C. shifting D. considering
6. A. bearing B. wrapping
C. carrying D. wearing
7. A. below B. with
C. behind D. without
8. A. view B. idea
C. aspect D. statement
9. A. except B. expect
C. wish D. want
10. A. how B. when
C. why D. where
11. A. as long as B. even though
C. now that D. since then
12. A. devote B. compare
C. submit D. resign
13. A. that B. when
C. as D. where
14. A. moved B. encouraged
C. delighted D. enabled
15. A. flavor B. light
C. crayon D. ray
原创完形填空练习二：
We all have a purpose in life, whether it be to make a positive impact on those around us, pursue our passions, or simply find happiness and fulfillment in our own way. The value of our lives is not 1 by how much money we make or how many awards we receive, but 2 by the experiences we have, the relationships we build, and the legacy we 3 .
It is easy to take life for granted, especially in 4 of stress or adversity. But even during the darkest moments, there is still 5 to be found in the simple act of being alive. Every breath we take is a gift, and every moment we spend with loved ones is a precious 6 to connect and make memories.
The value of life is also reflected in our ability to create 7 changes in the world. Whether through volunteering, activism, or 8 being kind to others, we have the power to make a meaningful impact in the 9 of those around us. By recognizing the value of life in all its 10 , we can make more conscious decisions that reflect our deepest values and aspirations.
11 , the value of life is immeasurable and cannot be reduced to any single accomplishment or possession. Each individual has their own unique purpose and potential to 12 to the world, and it is up to us to 13 and nurture that value in ourselves and others. By 14 the fullness of life and cherishing each moment, we can create a more compassionate, connected, and fulfilling world for 15 and those around us.
1. A. expressed B. determined
C. clarified D. accomplished
2. A. somewhat B. totally
C. rather D. fairly
3. A. put away B. set aside
C. pile up D. leave behind
4. A. danger B. times
C. favor D. memory
5. A. value B. means
C. fact D. treasure
6. A. occasion B. situation
C. scene D. opportunity
7. A. positive B. negative
C. optimistic D. pessimistic
8. A. barely B. rarely
C. simply D. accordingly
9. A. lives B. communities
C. families D. jobs
10. A. fields B. forms
C. varieties D. ranges
11. A. By contrast B. In response
C. In conclusion D. By all means
12. A. devote B. contribute
C. submit D. dedicate
13. A. recognize B. accept
C. define D. assess
14. A. applauding B. digging
C. braving D. embracing
15. A. itself B. ourselves
C. yourself D. themselves
参考答案及部分解析
原创完形填空练习一：
答案：CDAAB DCABD ABADA
解析：本文选自“喜马拉雅听”。文章主要讲述了人的一生中，和自己相处最多，打交道最多，但人最不了解的恰恰也是自己，所以作者给出了一些如何认识自己、了解自己的建议。
原创完形填空练习二：
参考答案：BCDBA DACAB CBADB（解析略）
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